Mednafen is a multi-system emulator, driven from the command-line. TurboGrafx-16 emulators; Multi-emulators; OS X emulation software; Linux emulation software. Top 100 Turbografx 16ROMs @ Dope Roms. Top 100 Turbografx 16 ROMs. Super Mario Bros (J). Top Emulators.
Turbo Grafx 16 Emulator For Wii
About This subreddit is for discussion of NEC's 16-bit TurboGrafx-16 console, also known as PC Engine, as well as all other NEC consoles. TurboGrafx-16 (PC Engine). TurboGrafx-CD. TurboExpress.
TurboDuo. SuperGrafx. PC-FX The TurboGrafx-16 video game console was joint-developed by Hudson Soft and NEC, released in Japan on October 30, 1987, and in the United States on August 19, 1989. It was the first console released in the 16-bit era, albeit still utilizing a 8-bit CPU. Originally intended to 'beat' the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), it ended up competing against the likes of the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo. PC-FX PC-FX was a 5th generation console that was a follow-up to the PC Engine.
It was sold only in Japan and it did not fare well against its rivals. Since there is not a PC-FX dedicated sub, all discussions related to PC-FX are welcome here. Retro Gaming Network The Retro Gaming Network consists of subreddits dedicated to classic consoles, computers, handhelds, and old school gaming in general.
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.: Spring 1993.: May 1994.: December 16, 1994 Units sold Worldwide: 5.8 million Japan: 3.9 million Media, (only with the CD-ROM² add-on) Display Resolution: - max. 565×242 - majority: 256×239 Colors: - available: 512 (9-bit) - onscreen: max. 482 (241 background, 241 sprite) Dimensions 14 cm × 14 cm × 3.8 cm (5.5 in × 5.5 in × 1.5 in) Successor (upgraded) The TurboGrafx-16 Entertainment SuperSystem, known in Japan and France as the PC Engine ( PCエンジン, Pī Shī Enjin), is a jointly developed by and, released in Japan on October 30, 1987 and in the United States on August 29, 1989. It also had a limited release in the United Kingdom and Spain in 1990, known as simply TurboGrafx and based on the American model, whilst the Japanese model was imported and distributed in France in 1989.
It was the first console released in the, albeit still utilizing an 8-bit. Originally intended to compete with the (NES), it ended up competing with the, and later on the (SNES). The TurboGrafx-16 has an 8-bit, a 16-bit video color encoder, and a 16-bit. The are capable of displaying 482 colors simultaneously, out of 512.
With dimensions of just 14 cm×14 cm×3.8 cm (5.5 in×5.5 in×1.5 in), the Japanese PC Engine is the smallest major home game console ever made. Games were stored on a cartridge, or in optical format with the TurboGrafx-CD add-on. The TurboGrafx-16 failed to break into the North American market and sold poorly, which has been blamed on inferior marketing. However in Japan the PC Engine was very successful, where it gained strong third-party support and outsold the at its 1987 debut, eventually becoming the 's main rival.
Lots of revisions - at least 17 distinct models - were made, such as portable versions and a add-on. An enhanced model, the, was intended to supersede the standard PC Engine, but failed to break through and was quickly discontinued. The entire series was succeeded by the in 1994, only released in Japan. The TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine was the first video game console capable of playing CD-ROM games with an optional add-on. NEC claimed that it had sold 750,000 TG-16 consoles in the United States, and 500,000 CD-ROM units worldwide, by March 1991. That year NEC released the in Japan, a model which could play HuCards and CD-ROM² discs, making it the first game console with an integrated CD-ROM drive.
The console was licensed to Turbo Technologies Incorporated, who released it in North America in 1992 as the. In addition to standard CD-ROM² format discs, the Duo could also play games in the newly introduced Super CD-ROM² format due to its greater RAM size (the TurboGrafx-16 and its CD player could support this new format only through the use of a separately available upgrade, the Super System Card, which TTI sold via mail order). The unit came into competition with the, which was released almost immediately after. Turbo Technologies ran ads featuring. The ads mocked Sega, and emphasized that though the TurboDuo and Sega CD had the same retail price, the TurboDuo was a standalone platform and included five pack-in games, whereas Sega CD buyers needed to purchase separately sold games and a Genesis console before they could use the system. Pioneer However, the North American console gaming market continued to be dominated by the Super NES and Genesis rather than the new CD-based consoles.
In May 1994 Turbo Technologies announced that it was dropping support for the Duo, though it would continue to offer repairs for existing units and provide ongoing software releases through independent companies in the U.S. The TurboGrafx-series was the first video game console ever to have a contemporaneous fully self-contained portable counterpart, the PC Engine GT, known as in North America. It contained identical hardware and played identical game software (utilizing format game software). The final commercialized release for the PC Engine was Dead of the Brain Part 1 & 2 on June 3, 1999, on the Super CD-ROM² format. The last game on HuCard format was 21 Emon: Mezase! Hotel Ō on December 16, 1994.
Variations. PC Engine Shuttle PC Engine CoreGrafx I & II Many variations and related products of the PC Engine were released. Core consoles The PC Engine CoreGrafx is an updated model of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 8, 1989.
It has the same form factor as the original PC Engine, but has a black color scheme, and replaces the original's connectors with an A/V port. A recolored version of the model, known as the PC Engine CoreGrafx II, was released on June 21, 1991.
Aside from the different coloring, it is functionally identical to the original CoreGrafx. The, released on the same day as the CoreGrafx in Japan, is an enhanced variation of the PC Engine hardware with updated specs. This model has a second HuC6270A (VDC), a HuC6202 (VDP) that combines the output of the two VDCs, four times as much RAM, twice as much video RAM, and a second layer/plane of scrolling.
The CPU, sound, and color palette were not upgraded, making the expensive price tag a big disadvantage to the system. As a result, only five exclusive SuperGrafx games and two hybrid games ( and were released as standard HuCards which took advantage of the extra video hardware if played on a SuperGrafx) were released, and the system was quickly discontinued. Despite the fact that the SuperGrafx was intended to supersede the original PC Engine, its extra hardware features were not carried over to the later Duo consoles.
The SuperGrafx has a BUS expansion port, but requires an adapter in order to utilize the CD-ROM² System add-on. The PC Engine LT is a model of the console in a form, released on December 13, 1991 in Japan, retailing at ¥99,800. The LT does not require a television display as it has a built-in flip-up screen and speakers, just as a laptop would have, but unlike the GT the LT runs on a power supply. Its expensive price meant that few units were produced compared to other models. It requires an adapter to use the Super CD-ROM² unit. HuCard-only consoles The PC Engine Shuttle was released in Japan on November 22, 1989 as a less expensive model of the console, retailing at ¥18,800. It was targeted primarily towards younger players with its spaceship-like design and came bundled with a TurboPad II controller, which is shaped differently from the other standard TurboPad controllers.
The reduced price was possible by the removal of the expansion port of the back, making it the first model of the console that was not compatible with the CD-ROM² add-on. However, it does have a slot for a memory backup unit, which is required for certain games. The PC Engine GT is a portable version of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 1, 1990 and then in the United States as the. It can only play HuCard games. It has a 2.6-inch (66 mm) backlit, active-matrix color LCD screen, the most advanced on the market for a portable video game unit at the time. The screen contributed to its high price and short battery life, however, which dented its performance in the market. It shares the capabilities of the TurboGrafx-16, giving it 512 available colors (9-bit ), stereo sound, and the same custom CPU at 7.15909.
It also has a TV tuner adapter as well as a two-player link cable. CD-ROM add-ons. PC Engine CoreGrafx with CD-ROM² and interface unit The CD-ROM² System (, Shī Dī Romu Romu Shisutemu, pronounced 'CD-ROM-ROM') is an add-on attachment for the PC Engine that was released in Japan on December 4, 1988. The add-on allows the core versions of the console to play PC Engine games in CD-ROM format in addition to standard HuCards. This made the PC Engine the first video game console to have a CD-ROM peripheral, and first device ever to use CD-ROM as a storage medium for video games. The add-on consisted of two devices - the CD player itself and the interface unit, which connects the CD player to the console and provides as a common power supply and output for both. It was later released as the TurboGrafx-CD in the United States on August 1, 1990.
The TurboGrafx-CD had a launch price of $399.99, and did not include any bundled games. And were the TurboGrafx-CD launch titles; soon followed. The Super System Card ( スーパーシステムカード, Sūpā Shisutemu Kādo), an upgrade for the CD-ROM² System, was released on October 26, 1991.
It updates the BIOS to Version 3.0 and increases the buffer RAM from 64kB to 2MB required to play Super CD-ROM² discs. An American version of the Super System Card for the TurboGrafx-16/CD combo was also sold exclusively as a mail-order. PC Engine owners who did not already own the original CD-ROM² add-on could instead opt for the Super CD-ROM² (, Sūpā Shī Dī Romu Romu), an updated version of the add-on released on December 13, which combines the CD-ROM drive, interface unit and Super System Card into one device. Duo consoles.
Further information: NEC/Turbo Technologies later released the TurboDuo, which combined the TurboGrafx-CD (with the new Super-System-Card on-board) and TurboGrafx-16 into one unit. NEC Home Electronics released the PC Engine Duo in Japan on September 21, which combined the PC Engine and Super CD-ROM² unit into a single console.
The system can play HuCards, audio CDs, CD+Gs, standard CD-ROM² games and Super CD-ROM² games. The North American version, the TurboDuo, was launched in October.
The American version of Duo was originally bundled with one control pad, an AC adapter, RCA cables, (a CD-ROM² title), and a Super CD-ROM² including, and a secret version of accessible via a cheat code. The system was also packaged with one random HuCard game which varied from system to system ( Dungeon Explorer was the original HuCard pack-in for TurboDuo, although many titles were eventually used, such as Irem's Ninja Spirit and Namco's Final Lap Twin, and then eventually a random pick). Two updated variants were released in Japan: the PC Engine Duo-R (on March 25, 1993) and the PC Engine Duo-RX (on June 25, 1994). Arcade Card Certain games in Japan were released in a third disc format, the Arcade CD-ROM² ( アーケードシーディーロムロム, Ākēdo Shī Dī Romu Romu) (released in Japan on March 12, 1994), requiring the use of an Arcade Card (, Ākēdo Kādo). The Arcade Card was available in two variants: the Arcade Card Pro designed solely for the original CD-ROM² System, and the Arcade Card Duo that works with the Super CD-ROM² System and all models (both adding a total of 2MB of RAM). These are not compatible with the TurboGrafx-CD, nor with the TurboDuo, without an adapter.
HE-System machines The PC-KD863G is a with built-in PC Engine console, released on September 27, 1988 in Japan for ¥138,000. Following NEC's PCs' naming scheme, the PC-KD863G was designed to eliminate the need to buy a separate television set and a console. It output its signals in, so it was clearer at the time than the console which was still limited to and. However, it has no BUS expansion port, which made it incompatible with the CD-ROM² System and memory backup add-ons The X1-Twin was the first licensed PC Engine-compatible hardware manufactured by a third-party company, released by on April 1989 for ¥99,800.
It's an computer and PC Engine console combined into one, although the two hardware run mutually separately. 's supports an add-on module which allows the use of PC Engine games (HuCard, CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM²) as well as new 'LD-ROM²' titles that work only on this device. NEC also released their own LaserActive unit and PC Engine add-on module, under an license. A total of eleven LD-ROM 2 titles were produced, with only three of them released in North America. Other foreign markets Outside North America and Japan, the TurboGrafx-16 was released in by a third party under the name Vistar 16. It was based on the American version but with a new curved design. The PC Engine was never officially released in continental Europe, but some companies imported them and made SCART conversions on a moderate scale.
In France, imported Japanese systems and added an RGB Cable called 'AudioVideo Plus Cable'. This mod improved the original video signal quality extensively and made the consoles work with SECAM televisions.
In Germany, several importers sold converted PC Engines with PAL RF as well as RGB output. The connectors and pinouts used for the latter were frequently compatible with the video port, with two unconnected pins used for the audio channels. Peripheral compatibility.
The TurboGrafx-16 had only one controller port, so any simultaneous multiplayer games required the TurboTap accessory. All PC Engine systems support the same controller peripherals, including pads, joysticks and multitaps.
Except for the Vistar, Shuttle, GT, and systems with built-in CD-ROM drives, all PC Engine units shared the same expansion connector, which allowed for the use of devices such as the CD-ROM unit, battery backup and AV output. The TurboGrafx and Vistar units use a different controller port than the PC Engines, but adaptors are available and the protocol is the same.
The TurboGrafx offers the same expansion connector pinout as the PC Engine, but has a slightly different shape so peripherals must be modified to fit. The Arcade Card Pro is designed for the original CD-ROM² System add-on, adding the 2304 kB of RAM required by Arcade CD-ROM² games. The Arcade Card Duo is for the Super CD-ROM² System and the PC-Engine Duo/R/RX consoles and adds 2048 kB RAM, since those systems already have 256K of RAM built-in. The various CD-ROM game types are:. CD-ROM²: Standard CD-ROM game. Runs on all CD-ROM² Systems without any additional requirements.
Super CD-ROM²: Requires a Super System Card to work on the original CD-ROM² System. No card is required for Super CD-ROM² and Duo consoles. Arcade CD-ROM²: Requires an Arcade Card Pro on the original CD-ROM² System, or an Arcade Card Duo on the Super CD-ROM² and Duo consoles. Video formats All PC Engine hardware outputs video in NTSC format, including the European TurboGrafx; it generates a PAL-compatible video signal by using a chroma encoder chip not found in any other system in the series. Technical specifications.
The TurboGrafx-16 ran off an 8-bit CPU, but had a 16-bit graphics processor. The PC Engine is a relatively compact video game console, owing to an efficient three-chip architecture and its use of small called (Turbo Chips in North America). Hudson Soft developed the HuCard (Hudson Card) from the technology it piloted on the. HuCards are about the size of a credit card, but slightly thicker. They are very similar to the format utilized for certain games released on the / and the.
The largest Japanese HuCard games were up to 20 Mbit in size. All PC Engine consoles can play standard HuCards, including the (which has its small library of exclusive HuCards). With the exception of the budget-priced PC Engine Shuttle, the portable PC Engine GT and the PC-KD863G monitor, every PC Engine console is also capable of playing CD-ROM² discs, provided the console is equipped with the required CD-ROM drive and System Card. The SuperGrafx and PC Engine LT both required additional adapters to work on the original CD-ROM² System and Super CD-ROM² respectively, whereas the Duo consoles had the CD-ROM drive and Super System Card integrated into them (as did the Super CD-ROM² player). Some unlicensed CD games by Games Express can only run on Duo consoles, due to their games requiring both a special System Card packaged with the games and the 256 kB of RAM built into the Duo. The console's is a 8-bit microprocessor operating at 1.79 MHz and 7.16 MHz. It features integrated bank-switching hardware (driving a 21-bit external address bus from a 6502-compatible 16-bit address bus), an integrated general-purpose I/O port, a timer, block transfer instructions, and dedicated move instructions for communicating with the VDC.
Its 16-bit and video color encoder chip were also developed by Hudson Soft. It holds 8 of work RAM and 64 kB of video RAM.
Display Resolution. X (Horizontal) Resolution: variable, maximum of 565 (programmable to 282, 377 or 565 pixels, or as 5.3693175 MHz, 7.15909 MHz, and 10.738635 MHz pixel dot clock) Taking into consideration overscan limitations of CRT televisions at the time, the horizontal resolutions were realistically limited to something a bit less than what the system was actually capable of. Consequently, most game developers limited their games to either 256, 352, or 512 pixels in display width for each of the three modes. Y (Vertical) Resolution: variable, maximum of 242 (programmable in increments of 1 scanline). It is possible to achieve an interlaced 'mode' with a maximum vertical resolution of 484 scanlines by alternating between the two different vertical resolution modes used by the system. However, it is unknown, at this time, if this interlaced resolution is compliant with (and hence displayed correctly on) NTSC televisions. The majority of TurboGrafx-16 games use 256×239, though some games, such as Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective did use 512×224.
Common HuCard Converters With HuCards, a limited form of region protection was introduced between markets which for the most part was nothing more than running some of the HuCard's pinout connections in a different arrangement. There were several major after-market converters sold to bypass this protection, and were sold predominantly for use in converting Japanese titles for play on a TG-16. In the Japanese market, NEC went further by adding a hardware level detection function to all PC Engine systems that detected if a game was a U.S. Release, and would then refuse to play it. The only known exception to this is the U.S.
Release of which did not contain this function. The explanation commonly given for this by NEC officials is that most U.S. Conversions had the difficulty level reduced, and in some cases were censored for what was considered inappropriate content, and consequently, they did not want the U.S. Conversion to re-enter the Asian market and negatively impact the perception of a game. With some minor soldering skills, a change could be made to PC Engines to disable this check. The only Japanese games that could not be played on a U.S.
System using one of these converters were the SuperGrafx titles which could only be played on a SuperGrafx. There was no region protection on TurboGrafx-CD and CD-ROM² System games. Due to the extremely limited PAL release after NEC decided to cancel a full release, there were no PAL HuCards made. The European TurboGrafx therefore played the NTSC American/Japanese titles, converted to 50Hz format.
CD hardware technical specifications and information. TurboGrafx-CD. MSM5205 chip with variable speed input clock, and 64 for audio sample storage. Only one channel of 4-bit compressed audio (decompresses to, top 10 bits output through ) was supported. It supports a rate of up to 32.088 kHz.
Programmable, timer controlled, electronic volume attenuator to fade-out the and ADPCM audio channels together or individually. The PC-Engine interface tray has 64 kB of DRAM for storage of program code and data loaded from the CD. The 'System Card' contains the program used to boot CD media and provides functions for software to access CD hardware through a standardized interface. Later System Cards had extra RAM and updates to the BIOS.
The Duo series has the same BIOS (v3.00) and RAM (256 kB total) as a PC-Engine system equipped with a Super System Card. The Duo implements the as a single 256 kB chip rather than the split 64 kB DRAM / 192 kB SRAM. The list of known CD-ROM BIOS revisions are:. v1.00 – First release (System Card, came with the first versions of the PC-Engine CD-ROM² Interface Unit). v2.00 – Upgrade (System Card, came with later versions of the Interface Unit).
v2.10 – Upgrade (System Card, came with even later versions of the Interface Unit or sold separately). v3.00 – Final release (built into several products and available as a Super System Card – see below). The list of known System Card releases are:. System Card v1.00 – First release. Came packaged with the original PC-Engine CD-ROM² System.
System Card v2.00 – BIOS update. This adds support for discs. System Card v2.10 – BIOS update. Auto disc change detection is implemented. Was the first System Card that was sold separately from the add-on. System Card v3.00 (aka. Super System Card) – 1.5 (192 kB) – RAM upgrade and BIOS update.
This expands the RAM available for the CD-ROM unit to 256 kB when including the existing built in DRAM. It also offers a final BIOS update to v3.00. The PC-Engine Duo (Turbo Duo in North America) had 256 kB of RAM and the same v3.00 BIOS built into the system. Games developed for this System Card bore the 'Super CD-ROM² System' mark and could not be played using an older System Card.
Arcade Card Duo – 16 Mbit RAM (2048 kB) – RAM upgrade exclusively for the Super CD-ROM² System and PC Engine Duo consoles. This greatly expands the RAM available to 2048 kB. The BIOS revision was unchanged from v3.00. Games developed for the Arcade Card Duo/Pro bore the 'Arcade CD-ROM²' mark, and could not be played using prior System Cards.
The Arcade Card Pro includes the extra 192 kB needed for the original CD-ROM² System. Arcade Card Pro – 17.5 Mbit RAM (2240 kB as 2 +192 kB) – RAM upgrade for the original CD-ROM² System. This greatly expands the RAM available to 2240 kB. The BIOS revision was unchanged from v3.00. The Arcade Card Pro combines the functions of the Super System Card and the Arcade Card Duo into one unit.
The 2 MB of RAM is accessed through ports or units of single 8 kB banks and is intended for graphics data storage rather than program code; its flexible addressing system allows for rapid transfer of data to VRAM. While intended and marketed for the original CD-ROM² System, it's actually compatible with Super CD-ROM² add-on and all Duo consoles without any issues. Games Express CD Card – Bootleg System Card. This was released by for play of unlicensed Games Express CD games. The GECD Card is essentially a; a BIOS v3.00 based machine (like a Duo or a Super CD-ROM²) is required for running those games. Corresponding CD-ROM products Arcade Card Duo (left) and Arcade Card Pro.
CD-ROM² System – Consists of two components: a compact CD player (CDR-30) and the Interface Unit (IFU-30), which connects the CD player into the PC Engine console itself. These were sold separately or as part of a bundle. The Interface Unit also stores save data and provides a common power supply for the PC Engine and the CD player. A System Card is required for the PC Engine to access the functions of the CD player. Later revisions of both, the CD player (CDR-30A) and the Interface Unit (IFU-30A), featured improved disc reading capabilities. System Card – The original CD-ROM² System Card included with the Interface Unit. The System Card underwent a few slight revisions, with Version 1.0 being the original model, followed by Version 2.0 (which adds support) and Version 2.1 (which auto-detects discs).
Only Version 2.1 was sold as a stand-alone unit. ROM² Adaptor (RAU-30) – A cable with two large ends that allows a PC Engine SuperGrafx (PI-TG4) console to be connected into the CD-ROM² Interface Unit.
Super System Card (PI-SC1) – An upgraded System Card that changes the BIOS of the CD-ROM² System to Version 3.0 and adds the 192kb of SRAM required to play Super CD-ROM² format discs. Super CD-ROM² (PI-CD1) – An upgraded version of the CD-ROM² System add-on that combines the functions of the Interface Unit, CD-ROM player and Super System Card into one unit. PC Engine Duo (PI-TG8) – A PC Engine console with a built-in Super CD-ROM² unit. Super ROM² Adaptor (PI-AD8) – An adapter that allows the PC Engine LT (PI-TG9) to be connected into the Super CD-ROM² unit. PC Engine Duo-R (PI-TG10) – A redesigned version of the PC Engine Duo. PC Engine Duo-RX (PCE-DUORX) – The third version of the PC Engine Duo. Arcade Card Duo (PCE-AC1) – A RAM expansion card that adds the 16 Megabits of DRAM required to run Arcade CD-ROM² discs on any Super CD-ROM² and PC Engine Duo systems.
Arcade Card Pro (PCE-AC2) – Combines the functions of the Arcade Card Duo and the Super System Card into one card. Designed and marketed primarily for the original CD-ROM² System. Drive unit. Single-speed CD-ROM drive, managed by an NEC microcontroller and using the SCSI-I interface. Transfer rate of 150 kB/s.
Reception In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful, and at one point was the top-selling console in the nation. In North America and Europe the situation was reversed, with both Sega and Nintendo dominating the console market at the expense of NEC. Initially, the TurboGrafx-16 sold well in the U.S., but eventually it suffered from lack of support from third-party and publishers. In 1990, magazine praised the console's library, stating that, compared to 'all the popular consoles, the PC Engine is way out in front in terms of the range and quality of its race games.' Reviewing the Turbo Duo model in 1993, gave it a 'thumbs down'.
Though they praised the system's CD sound, graphics, and five-player capability, they criticized the outdated controller and the games library, saying the third party support was 'almost nonexistent' and that most of the first party games were localizations of games better suited to the Japanese market. In 2009, the TurboGrafx-16 was ranked the 13th greatest video game console of all time by, citing 'a solid catalog of games worth playing,' but also a lack of third party support and the absence of a second controller port. Legacy In 1994, NEC released a new console, the Japan-only, a system with a tower-like design; it enjoyed a small but steady stream of games until 1998, when NEC finally abandoned the video games industry. NEC supplied rival with the CPU for the, released in 1996, and former rival Sega with a version of its 2 GPU for the, released in 1998. A number of TurboGrafx-16 and TurboGrafx-CD games were released on Nintendo's download service for the, and, including several that were originally never released outside Japan.
In 2011, were released on the for play on the and in the North American region. In 2010 Hudson released an application entitled 'TurboGrafx-16 GameBox' which allowed users to buy and play a number of select Turbo Grafx games via. In 2016, rapper announced his would be titled 'Turbo Grafx 16'. Emulation for the TurboGrafx-16 exist for several modern and retro operating systems and architectures and are at varying levels of emulation ranging from beta stage, to near perfect emulation of all PC Engine and TurboGrafx-16 formats.
See also. References. Retrieved December 25, 2017. 'ウィークエンド経済 第765号 あの失敗がこう生きた Weekend Economics Issue 765. That Mistake Lived On.' . Asahi Shinbun (Evening Edition) (in Japanese).
Osaka, Japan. December 1, 2001. Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition (2008).
^ Damien McFerran (November 2, 2012). Nintendo Life. ^ Christian Nutt. Paul Sartori (April 2, 2013). Stuart, Keith; Freeman, Will (February 27, 2016). Retrieved December 25, 2017. Video Game Trader Magazine (March 16, 2009).
Archived from on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011. Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games, p. June 19, 2008. Archived from on September 29, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
September 1, 2000. Retrieved January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2017. Computer Gaming World. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
'At the Deadline'. June 3, 1996. Retrieved July 5, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
Retrieved December 25, 2017. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
Wolf (2008), p. 119, retrieved April 10, 2011. The Catoosa County News. December 5, 1990. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
'スーパーPCエンジンファン' Super PC Engine Fan (in Japanese). Tokuma Shoten Intermedia. January 15, 1994. 'International News'.
EGM Media, LLC. January 1994. Retrieved December 25, 2017. 'The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Bit'. Retrieved 2011-07-05. Retrieved July 5, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
The fix: On Japanese systems, connect pin 29 of the Hu6280 chip to ground. Retrieved December 25, 2017. 'What in the Name of Sam Hill is a PC Engine?'
., issue 34 (July 1990),. 'System Shopper'.
December 1993. Retrieved July 5, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
March 23, 2006. Retrieved 2011-07-05. Revolution Fanboy. March 23, 2006. Archived from on December 1, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2011. Cowan, Danny.
Retrieved April 6, 2016. Byford, Sam. Retrieved April 6, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
software listing including reviews and videos. definitive hardware listing for all PC Engine and Turbo Grafx systems. contains the most extensive compendium of TurboGrafx-16 technical information. overview and review show!. and PC Engine hardware and features from.